A Step-by-Step Guide to Analysing Global Net-Zero Commitments

Introduction

Political figures in the UK, like Conservative leader Kemi Badenoch and GB News owner Paul Marshall, have claimed that the UK is an outlier on net-zero, suggesting that it is pursuing a unilateral and economically damaging path. However, these claims ignore the reality that 140 of the world's 198 countries (71%) have net-zero targets. In fact, among the top 20 carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters, only the US and Iran lack such targets. This guide will help you understand the global net-zero landscape, fact-check these claims, and draw your own conclusions.

What You Need

• Access to the internet and a web browser
• Basic knowledge of the world's top CO2-emitting countries
• Familiarity with the Net Zero Tracker (a consortium tracking net-zero policies)
• Understanding of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) findings on net-zero emissions
• Awareness of the difference between national, subnational, and sectoral targets

Step-by-Step Guide

Step 1: Identify the World's Top 20 CO2 Emitters

Start by listing the major emitters. As of the latest data, the top 20 include countries such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, Iran, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Brazil, and others. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) notes that reaching net-zero CO2 emissions is the only way to stop global warming, making these countries critical to global efforts.

Step 2: Check Each Country's Net-Zero Target Status

Use the Net Zero Tracker to see which of these countries have established a net-zero target. The tracker categorizes targets into four types: in law (highest commitment), in policy document, pledge, or proposal. For example, the UK, EU, and many others have set targets into law. China announced a net-zero target in 2020, while India, Saudi Arabia, and Russia followed in 2021.

Step 3: Compare Claims Against the Data

When you hear claims that the UK is acting alone, cross-check them. The data shows that 34 nations, including the UK, have enshrined net-zero in law. Another 63 have stated it in policy documents, 16 have made pledges, and 23 have proposals. Four nations already claim to have reached net-zero. Only the US (under the Biden administration but revoked by Trump in 2025) and Iran among the top 20 emitters lack a target. This makes the UK far from an outlier.

Step 4: Examine Subnational Commitments in the US

Even though the US federal government abandoned its net-zero target, many subnational entities still have commitments. According to the Net Zero Tracker, 18 US regions and 43 cities have some form of net-zero goal. This undercuts the narrative that net-zero is a uniquely UK-driven policy. Note also that cumulative emissions since the Industrial Revolution make the US the largest historical emitter.

Step 5: Understand the Geopolitical Implications

As John Lang, lead of the Net Zero Tracker, noted: “Ironically, of the world’s 20 largest emitters, only the US and Iran lack net-zero targets – precisely as the Iran crisis exposes the risks of dependence on fossil fuels and volatile oil markets. Arguing against net-zero is arguing for greater exposure to geopolitical instability and energy price shocks.” This highlights that net-zero is not just an environmental issue but a matter of energy security.

Step 6: Summarise Your Findings

Your analysis should conclude that the UK is not a unilateral actor. The global momentum toward net-zero is strong, with around 74% of global emissions covered by national targets. If the UK were to scrap its target, it would join the small minority of major emitters – namely the US and Iran – which lack a commitment. This would align the UK with countries that are exposed to fossil fuel volatility.

Tips for Effective Fact-Checking

• Use reliable sources: Always verify claims with data from the Net Zero Tracker, IPCC reports, and other peer-reviewed climate databases.
• Check the date: Political administrations change, and targets may be adopted or revoked. Ensure you have the most current information.
• Distinguish between national and subnational: Even if a federal government lacks a target, many states, regions, and cities still have commitments that can drive action.
• Consider the full context: Claims about unilateral action often ignore the historical responsibility (e.g., cumulative emissions) and the economic benefits of renewables.
• Stay objective: The goal is not to win an argument but to understand the factual landscape. Use this guide to inform your own views and discussions.